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^ "Language Choice in Higher Education: Challenges and Opportunities" (PDF)."English in Asia, Asian Englishes, and the issue of proficiency". In addition, many words retain British pronunciation, such as vitamin / ˈ v ɪ t əm ɪ n/. Pronounced as a glottal stop (as in written Burmese, where consonantal finals are pronounced as a stop) Pronounced with a short, creaky tone (short vowel) Pronounced with a nasal final instead of an open vowelĮ.g. Pronounced with a high tone (drawn-out vowel), as in Burmese
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The following are commonly seen pronunciation differences between Standard English and Burmese English: Standard English In Burmese English, the k, p, and t consonants are unaspirated (pronounced /k/, /p/, /t/), as a general rule, as in Indian English. For older Burmese who only have one or two syllables in their names these honorifics may be an integral part of the name. Burmese English continues to use Indian numerical units such as lakh and crore.īurmese names represented in English often include various honorifics, most commonly "U", "Daw", and "Sayadaw". "Stage show" is also preferred over "concert."įor units of measurement Burmese English use both those of the Imperial System and those of the International System of Units interchangeably, but the values correspond to the SI system. For instance, "pavement" (British English) or "sidewalk" (US English) is commonly called "platform" in Burmese English. It also borrows words from standard English and uses them in a slightly different context. The ⟨-ize⟩ spelling is more commonly used than the ⟨-ise⟩ spelling.īurmese English is often characterised by its unaspirated consonants, similar to Indian English. Because Adoniram Judson, an American, created the first Burmese-English dictionary, many American English spellings are common (e.g. The preferred system of spelling is based on that of the British, although American English spellings have become increasingly popular. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This section contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Because of this, many Burmese are better able to communicate in written English than in spoken English, due to emphasis placed on writing and reading.Ĭharacteristics Orthography Since 1991, in the 9th and 10th Standards, English and Burmese have both been used as the medium of instruction, particularly in science and math subjects, which use English language textbooks. Currently, English is taught from Standard 0 (kindergarten), as a second language. English language education was reintroduced in 1982. In 1965, Burmese replaced English as the medium of instruction at the university level, with the passing of the New University Education Law the previous year. Until 1965, English was the language of instruction at Burmese universities. English became taught as a second language beginning in the Fifth Standard. On 1 June 1950, a new education policy was implemented to replace Burmese as the medium of instruction at all state schools, although universities, which continued to use English as the medium of instruction, were unaffected. Burmese English resembles Indian English to a degree because of historical ties to India during British colonization. English was the medium of instruction in universities and two types of secondary schools: English schools and Anglo-Vernacular schools (where English was taught as a second language). During the British colonial period, English was the medium of instruction in higher education, although it did not replace Burmese as the vernacular. It administered Myanmar as a province of British India until 1937, and as a separate colony until 1948.
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The British Empire annexed modern-day Myanmar in three stages over a six-decade span (1824–1885).